1 General Information about MySQL

This is the MySQL reference manual; it documents MySQL version 3.23.10-alpha.

MySQL is a very fast, multi-threaded, multi-user and robust SQL (Structured Query Language) database server.

For Unix and OS/2 platforms, MySQL is basically free; for Microsoft platforms you must get a MySQL license after a trial time of 30 days. See section 3 MySQL licensing and support.

The MySQL home page provides the latest information about MySQL.

For a discussion of MySQL's capabilities, see section 1.5 The main features of MySQL.

For installation instructions, see section 4 Installing MySQL. For tips on porting MySQL to new machines or operating systems, see section G Comments on porting to other systems.

For information about upgrading from a 3.21 release, see section 4.16.2 Upgrading from a 3.21 version to 3.22.

For a tutorial introduction to MySQL, see section 8 MySQL Tutorial.

For examples of SQL and benchmarking information, see the benchmarking directory (`sql-bench' in the distribution).

For a history of new features and bug fixes, see section D MySQL change history.

For a list of currently known bugs and misfeatures, see section E Known errors and design deficiencies in MySQL.

For future plans, see section F List of things we want to add to MySQL in the future (The TODO).

For a list of all the contributors to this project, see section C Contributors to MySQL.

IMPORTANT:

Send error (often called bugs) reports, questions and comments to the mailing list at mysql@lists.mysql.com. See section 2.3 How to report bugs or problems.

For source distributions, the mysqlbug script can be found in the `scripts' directory. For binary distributions, mysqlbug can be found in the `bin' directory.

If you have any suggestions concerning additions or corrections to this manual, please send them to the manual team at (docs@mysql.com).

1.1 What is MySQL?

MySQL is a true multi-user, multi-threaded SQL database server. SQL (Structured Query Language) is the most popular and standardized database language in the world. MySQL is a client/server implementation that consists of a server daemon mysqld and many different client programs and libraries.

SQL is a standardized language that makes it easy to store, update and access information. For example, you can use SQL to retrieve product information and store customer information for a web site. MySQL is also fast and flexible enough to allow you to store logs and pictures in it.

The main goals of MySQL are speed, robustness and ease of use. MySQL was originally developed because we needed a SQL server that could handle very large databases an order of magnitude faster than what any database vendor could offer to us on inexpensive hardware. We have now been using MySQL since 1996 in an environment with more than 40 databases containing 10,000 tables, of which more than 500 have more than 7 million rows. This is about 100 gigabytes of mission-critical data.

The base upon which MySQL is built is a set of routines that have been used in a highly demanding production environment for many years. Although MySQL is still under development, it already offers a rich and highly useful function set.

The official way to pronounce MySQL is ``My Ess Que Ell'' (Not MY-SEQUEL).

1.2 About this manual

This manual is currently available in Texinfo, plain text, Info, HTML, PostScript and PDF versions. Because of their size, PostScript and PDF versions are not included with the main MySQL distribution, but are available for separate download at http://www.mysql.com.

The primary document is the Texinfo file. The HTML version is produced automatically with a modified version of texi2html. The plain text and Info versions are produced with makeinfo. The Postscript version is produced using texi2dvi and dvips. The PDF version is produced with pdftex.

This manual is written and maintained by David Axmark, Michael (Monty) Widenius and Paul DuBois. For other contributors, see section C Contributors to MySQL.

1.2.1 Conventions used in this manual

This manual uses certain typographical conventions:

constant

Constant-width font is used for command names and options; SQL statements; database, table and column names; C and Perl code; and environment variables. Example: ``To see how mysqladmin works, invoke it with the --help option.''

`filename'

Constant-width font with surrounding quotes is used for filenames and pathnames. Example: ``The distribution is installed under the `/usr/local/' directory.''

`c'

Constant-width font with surrounding quotes is also used to indicate character sequences. Example: ``To specify a wildcard, use the `%' character.''

italic

Italic font is used for emphasis, like this.

boldface

Boldface font is used for access privilege names (e.g., ``do not grant the process privilege lightly'') and to convey especially strong emphasis.

When commands are shown that are meant to be executed by a particular program, the program is indicated by the prompt shown with the command. For example, shell> indicates a command that you execute from your login shell, and mysql> indicates a command that you execute from the mysql client:

shell> type a shell command here
mysql> type a mysql command here

Shell commands are shown using Bourne shell syntax. If you are using a csh-style shell, you may need to issue commands slightly differently. For example, the sequence to set an environment variable and run a command looks like this in Bourne shell syntax:

shell> VARNAME=value some_command

For csh, you would execute the sequence like this:

shell> setenv VARNAME value
shell> some_command

Database, table and column names often must be substituted into commands. To indicate that such substitution is necessary, this manual uses db_name, tbl_name and col_name. For example, you might see a statement like this:

mysql> SELECT col_name FROM db_name.tbl_name;

This means that if you were to enter a similar statement, you would supply your own database, table and column names, perhaps like this:

mysql> SELECT author_name FROM biblio_db.author_list;

SQL statements may be written in uppercase or lowercase. When this manual shows a SQL statement, uppercase is used for particular keywords if those keywords are under discussion (to emphasize them) and lowercase is used for the rest of the statement. So you might see the following in a discussion of the SELECT statement:

mysql> SELECT count(*) FROM tbl_name;

On the other hand, in a discussion of the COUNT() function, the statement would be written like this:

mysql> select COUNT(*) from tbl_name;

If no particular emphasis is intended, all keywords are written uniformly in uppercase.

In syntax descriptions, square brackets (`[' and `]') are used to indicate optional words or clauses:

DROP TABLE [IF EXISTS] tbl_name

When a syntax element consists of a number of alternatives, the alternatives are separated by vertical bars (`|'). When one member from a set of choices may be chosen, the alternatives are listed within square brackets. When one member from a set of choices must be chosen, the alternatives are listed within braces (`{' and `}'):

TRIM([[BOTH | LEADING | TRAILING] [remstr] FROM] str)
{DESCRIBE | DESC} tbl_name {col_name | wild}

1.3 History of MySQL

We once started off with the intention of using mSQL to connect to our tables using our own fast low-level (ISAM) routines. However, after some testing we came to the conclusion that mSQL was not fast enough or flexible enough for our needs. This resulted in a new SQL interface to our database but with almost the same API interface as mSQL. This API was chosen to ease porting of third-party code.

The derivation of the name MySQL is not perfectly clear. Our base directory and a large number of our libraries and tools have had the prefix ``my'' for well over 10 years. However, Monty's daughter (some years younger) is also named My. So which of the two gave its name to MySQL is still a mystery, even for us.

1.4 Books about MySQL

While this manual is still the right place for up to date techical information, its primary goal is to contain everything there is to know about MySQL. And it is sometimes nice to have a bound book to read in bed or while you travel. Here are a list of books about MySQL (in English).

Foreword by Michael "Monty" Widenius, MySQL Moderator

In MySQL, Paul DuBois provides you with a comprehensive guide to one of the most popular relational database systems. Paul has contributed to the online documentation for MySQL, and is an active member of the MySQL community. The principal MySQL developer, Monty Widenius, and a network of his fellow developers reviewed the manuscript, providing Paul with the kind of insight no one else could supply.

Instead of merely giving you a general overview of MySQL, Paul teaches you how to make the most of its capabilities. Through two sample database applications that run throughout the book, he gives you solutions to problems you're sure to face. He helps you integrate MySQL efficiently with third-party tools, such as PHP and Perl, enabling you to generate dynamic Web pages through database queries. He teaches you to write programs that access MySQL databases, and also provides a comprehensive set of references to column types, operators, functions, SQL syntax, MySQL programming, C API, Perl DBI, and PHP API. MySQL simply gives you the kind of information you won't find anywhere else.

If you use MySQL, this book provides you with:

• An introduction to MySQL and SQL
• Coverage of MySQL's data types and how to use them
• Thorough treatment of how to write client programs in C
• A guide to using the Perl DBI and PHP APIs for developing command-line and Web-based applications
• Tips on administrative issues such as user accounts, backup, crash recovery, and security
• Help in choosing an ISP for MySQL access
• A comprehensive reference for MySQL's data types, operators, functions, and SQL statements and utilities
• Complete reference guides for MySQL's C API, the Perl DBI API, and PHP's MySQL-related functions

This book teaches you how to use MySQL and mSQL, two popular and robust database products that support key subsets of SQL on both Linux and UNIX systems. Anyone who knows basic C, Java, Perl, or Python can write a program to interact with a database, either as a stand-alone application or through a Web page. This book takes you through the whole process, from installation and configuration to programming interfaces and basic administration. Includes ample tutorial material.

1.5 The main features of MySQL

The following list describes some of the important characteristics of MySQL:

• Fully multi-threaded using kernel threads. That means it easily can use multiple CPUs if available.
• C, C++, Eiffel, Java, Perl, PHP, Python and TCL APIs. See section 20 MySQL client tools and APIs.
• Works on many different platforms. See section 4.2 Operating systems supported by MySQL.
• Many column types: signed/unsigned integers 1, 2, 3, 4 and 8 bytes long, FLOAT, DOUBLE, CHAR, VARCHAR, TEXT, BLOB, DATE, TIME, DATETIME, TIMESTAMP, YEAR, SET and ENUM types. See section 7.3 Column types.
• Very fast joins using an optimized one-sweep multi-join.
• Full operator and function support in the SELECT and WHERE parts of queries. Example:

  mysql> SELECT CONCAT(first_name, " ", last_name) FROM tbl_name
             WHERE income/dependents > 10000 AND age > 30;
  

• SQL functions are implemented through a highly-optimized class library and should be as fast as they can get! Usually there shouldn't be any memory allocation at all after query initialization.
• Full support for SQL GROUP BY and ORDER BY clauses. Support for group functions (COUNT(), COUNT(DISTINCT), AVG(), STD(), SUM(), MAX() and MIN()).
• Support for LEFT OUTER JOIN with ANSI SQL and ODBC syntax.
• You can mix tables from different databases in the same query (as of version 3.22).
• A privilege and password system which is very flexible and secure, and which allows host-based verification. Passwords are secure since all password traffic when connecting to a server is encrypted.
• ODBC (Open-DataBase-Connectivity) for Windows95 (with source). All ODBC 2.5 functions and many others. You can, for example, use Access to connect to your MySQL server. See section 16 MySQL ODBC Support.
• Very fast B-tree disk tables with index compression.
• 16 indexes per table are allowed. Each index may consist of 1 to 16 columns or parts of columns. The maximum index length is 256 bytes (this may be changed when compiling MySQL). An index may use a prefix of a CHAR or VARCHAR field.
• Fixed-length and variable-length records.
• In-memory hash tables which are used as temporary tables.
• Handles large databases. We are using MySQL with some databases that contain 50,000,000 records.
• All columns have default values. You can use INSERT to insert a subset of a table's columns; those columns that are not explicitly given values are set to their default values.
• Uses GNU Automake, Autoconf, and libtool for portability.
• Written in C and C++. Tested with a broad range of different compilers.
• A very fast thread-based memory allocation system.
• No memory leaks. Tested with a commercial memory leakage detector (purify).
• Includes myisamchk, a very fast utility for table checking, optimization and repair. See section 13 Maintaining a MySQL installation.
• Full support for the ISO-8859-1 Latin1 character set. For example, the Scandinavian characters @ringaccent{a}, @"a and @"o are allowed in table and column names.
• All data are saved in ISO-8859-1 Latin1 format. All comparisons for normal string columns are case insensitive.
• Sorting is done according to the ISO-8859-1 Latin1 character set (the Swedish way at the moment). It is possible to change this in the source by adding new sort order arrays. To see an example of very advanced sorting, look at the Czech sorting code. MySQL supports many different character sets that can be specified at compile time.
• Aliases on tables and columns as in the SQL92 standard.
• DELETE, INSERT, REPLACE, and UPDATE return how many rows were changed (affected).
• Function names do not clash with table or column names. For example, ABS is a valid column name. The only restriction is that for a function call, no spaces are allowed between the function name and the `(' that follows it. See section 7.31 Is MySQL picky about reserved words?.
• All MySQL programs can be invoked with the --help or -? options to obtain online assistance.
• The server can provide error messages to clients in many languages. See section 9.1 What languages are supported by MySQL?.
• Clients connect to the MySQL server using TCP/IP connections or Unix sockets, or named pipes under NT.
• The MySQL-specific SHOW command can be used to retrieve information about databases, tables and indexes. The EXPLAIN command can be used to determine how the optimizer resolves a query.

1.6 How stable is MySQL?

This section addresses the questions, ``how stable is MySQL?'' and, ``can I depend on MySQL in this project?'' Here we will try to clarify some issues and to answer some of the more important questions that seem to concern many people. This section has been put together from information gathered from the mailing list (which is very active in reporting bugs).

At TcX, MySQL has worked without any problems in our projects since mid-1996. When MySQL was released to a wider public, we noticed that there were some pieces of ``untested code'' that were quickly found by the new users who made queries in a manner different than our own. Each new release has had fewer portability problems than the previous one (even though each has had many new features), and we hope that it will be possible to label one of the next releases ``stable''.

Each release of MySQL has been usable and there have been problems only when users start to use code from ``the gray zones''. Naturally, outside users can't know what the gray zones are; this section attempts to indicate those that are currently known. The descriptions deal with the 3.22.x version of MySQL. All known and reported bugs are fixed in the latest version, with the exception of the bugs listed in the bugs section, which are things that are ``design''-related. See section E Known errors and design deficiencies in MySQL.

MySQL is written in multiple layers and different independent modules. These modules are listed below with an indication of how well-tested each of them is:

The ISAM table handler -- Stable

This manages storage and retrieval of all data in MySQL 3.22 and earlier versions. In all MySQL releases there hasn't been a single (reported) bug in this code. The only known way to get a corrupted table is to kill the server in the middle of an update. Even that is unlikely to destroy any data beyond rescue, because all data are flushed to disk between each query. There hasn't been a single bug report about lost data because of bugs in MySQL, either.

The MyISAM table handler -- Beta

This is new in MySQL 3.23. It's largely based on the ISAM table code but has a lot of new very useful features.

The parser and lexical analyser -- Stable

There hasn't been a single reported bug in this system for a long time.

The C client code -- Stable

No known problems. In early 3.20 releases, there were some limitations in the send/receive buffer size. As of 3.21.x, the buffer size is now dynamic up to a default of 24M.

Standard client programs -- Stable

These include mysql, mysqladmin and mysqlshow, mysqldump, and mysqlimport.

Basic SQL -- Stable

The basic SQL function system and string classes and dynamic memory handling. Not a single reported bug in this system.

Query optimizer -- Stable

Range optimizer -- Gamma

Join optimizer -- Stable

Locking -- Gamma

This is very system-dependent. On some systems there are big problems using standard OS locking (fcntl()). In these cases, you should run the MySQL daemon with the --skip-locking flag. Problems are known to occur on some Linux systems and on SunOS when using NFS-mounted file systems.

Linux threads -- Gamma

The only problem found has been with the fcntl() call, which is fixed by using the --skip-locking option to mysqld. Some people have reported lockup problems with the 0.5 release.

Solaris 2.5+ pthreads -- Stable

We use this for all our production work.

MIT-pthreads (Other systems) -- Gamma

There have been no reported bugs since 3.20.15 and no known bugs since 3.20.16. On some systems, there is a ``misfeature'' where some operations are quite slow (a 1/20 second sleep is done between each query). Of course, MIT-pthreads may slow down everything a bit, but index-based SELECT statements are usually done in one time frame so there shouldn't be a mutex locking/thread juggling.

Other thread implementions -- Alpha - Beta

The ports to other systems are still very new and may have bugs, possibly in MySQL, but most often in the thread implementation itself.

LOAD DATA ..., INSERT ... SELECT -- Stable

Some people have thought they have found bugs here, but these usually have turned out to be misunderstandings. Please check the manual before reporting problems!

ALTER TABLE -- Stable

Small changes in 3.22.12.

DBD -- Stable

Now maintained by Jochen Wiedmann

mysqlaccess -- Stable

Written and maintained by Yves Carlier

GRANT -- Gamma

Big changes made in MySQL 3.22.12.

MyODBC (uses ODBC SDK 2.5) -- Gamma

It seems to work well with some programs.

TcX provides email support for paying customers, but the MySQL mailing list usually provides answers to common questions. Bugs are usually fixed right away with a patch; for serious bugs, there is almost always a new release.

1.7 Year 2000 compliance

MySQL itself has no problems with Year 2000 (Y2K) compliance:

• MySQL uses Unix time functions and has no problems with dates until 2069; all 2-digit years are regarded to be in the range 1970 to 2069, which means that if you store 01 in a year column, MySQL treats it as 2001.
• All MySQL date functions are stored in one file `sql/time.cc' and coded very carefully to be year 2000-safe.
• In MySQL 3.22 and later versions, the new YEAR column type can store years 0 and 1901 to 2155 in 1 byte and display them using 2 or 4 digits.

You may run into problems with applications that use MySQL in a way that is not Y2K-safe. For example, many old applications store or manipulate years using 2-digit values (which are ambiguous) rather than 4-digit values. This problem may be compounded by applications that use values such as 00 or 99 as ``missing'' value indicators.

Unfortunately, these problems may be difficult to fix, since different applications may be written by different programmers, each of whom may use a different set of conventions and date-handling functions.

Here is a simple demonstration illustrating that MySQL doesn't have any problems with dates until the year 2030!

mysql> DROP TABLE IF EXISTS y2k;
mysql> CREATE TABLE y2k (date date, date_time datetime, time_stamp timestamp);
mysql> INSERT INTO y2k VALUES ("1998-12-31","1998-12-31 23:59:59",19981231235959);
mysql> INSERT INTO y2k VALUES ("1999-01-01","1999-01-01 00:00:00",19990101000000);
mysql> INSERT INTO y2k VALUES ("1999-09-09","1999-09-09 23:59:59",19990909235959);
mysql> INSERT INTO y2k VALUES ("2000-01-01","2000-01-01 00:00:00",20000101000000);
mysql> INSERT INTO y2k VALUES ("2000-02-28","2000-02-28 00:00:00",20000228000000);
mysql> INSERT INTO y2k VALUES ("2000-02-29","2000-02-29 00:00:00",20000229000000);
mysql> INSERT INTO y2k VALUES ("2000-03-01","2000-03-01 00:00:00",20000301000000);
mysql> INSERT INTO y2k VALUES ("2000-12-31","2000-12-31 23:59:59",20001231235959);
mysql> INSERT INTO y2k VALUES ("2001-01-01","2001-01-01 00:00:00",20010101000000);
mysql> INSERT INTO y2k VALUES ("2004-12-31","2004-12-31 23:59:59",20041231235959);
mysql> INSERT INTO y2k VALUES ("2005-01-01","2005-01-01 00:00:00",20050101000000);
mysql> INSERT INTO y2k VALUES ("2030-01-01","2030-01-01 00:00:00",20300101000000);
mysql> INSERT INTO y2k VALUES ("2050-01-01","2050-01-01 00:00:00",20500101000000);
mysql> SELECT * FROM y2k;
+------------+---------------------+----------------+
| date       | date_time           | time_stamp     |
+------------+---------------------+----------------+
| 1998-12-31 | 1998-12-31 23:59:59 | 19981231235959 |
| 1999-01-01 | 1999-01-01 00:00:00 | 19990101000000 |
| 1999-09-09 | 1999-09-09 23:59:59 | 19990909235959 |
| 2000-01-01 | 2000-01-01 00:00:00 | 20000101000000 |
| 2000-02-28 | 2000-02-28 00:00:00 | 20000228000000 |
| 2000-02-29 | 2000-02-29 00:00:00 | 20000229000000 |
| 2000-03-01 | 2000-03-01 00:00:00 | 20000301000000 |
| 2000-12-31 | 2000-12-31 23:59:59 | 20001231235959 |
| 2001-01-01 | 2001-01-01 00:00:00 | 20010101000000 |
| 2004-12-31 | 2004-12-31 23:59:59 | 20041231235959 |
| 2005-01-01 | 2005-01-01 00:00:00 | 20050101000000 |
| 2030-01-01 | 2030-01-01 00:00:00 | 20300101000000 |
| 2050-01-01 | 2050-01-01 00:00:00 | 00000000000000 |
+------------+---------------------+----------------+

13 rows in set (0.00 sec)

This shows that the DATE and DATETIME types are will not give any problems with future dates (they handle dates until the year 9999).

The TIMESTAMP type, that is used to store the current time, has a range up to only 2030-01-01. TIMESTAMP has a range of 1970 to 2030 on 32-bit machines (signed value). On 64-bit machines it handles times up to 2106 (unsigned value).

Even though MySQL is Y2K-compliant, it is your responsibility to provide unambiguous input. See section 7.3.6.1 Y2K issues and date types for MySQL's rules for dealing with ambiguous date input data (data containing 2-digit year values).

1.8 General SQL information and tutorials

This book has been recommended by a several people on the MySQL mailing list:

Judith S. Bowman, Sandra L. Emerson and Marcy Darnovsky
The Practical SQL Handbook: Using Structured Query Language
Second Edition
Addison-Wesley
ISBN 0-201-62623-3
http://www.awl.com

This book has also received some recommendations by MySQL users:

Martin Gruber
Understanding SQL
ISBN 0-89588-644-8
Publisher Sybex 510 523 8233
Alameda, CA USA

A SQL tutorial is available on the net at http://www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/Vista/2207/sql1.html

SQL in 21 Tagen (online book in German language): http://www.mut.de/leseecke/buecher/sql/inhalt.htm

1.9 Useful MySQL-related links

1.9.1 Tutorials

• A beginner's tutoral of how to start using MySQL
• http://www.analysisandsolutions.com/code/mybasic.htm Beginners MySQL Tutorial on how to install and set up MySQL on a Windows machine.
• A lot of MySQL tutorials
• Setting Up a MySQL Based Website
• MySQL-perl tutorial
• PHP/MySQL Tutorial
• <a href=http://www.useractive.com>Hands on tutorial for MySQL</a> Click on Enter

1.9.2 Porting MySQL / Using MySQL on different systems

• The MacOS Xclave. Running MySQL on MacOSX
• MySql for MacOSX Server
• Client libraries for the Macintosh

1.9.3 Perl related links

• Perl DBI with MySQL FAQ

1.9.4 MySQL discussion forums

• Examples using MySQL; (check Top 20)

1.9.5 Commercial applications that support MySQL

• SupportWizard; Interactive helpdesk on the web (This product includes a licensed copy of MySQL)
• StWeb StWeb - Stratos Web and Application server - an easy-to-use, cross platform, Internet/Intranet development and deployment system for development of web-enabled applications. The standard version of StWeb has a native interface to MySql database.
• Right Now Web; Web automation for customer service
• Bazaar; Interactive Discussion Forums with web interface
• PhoneSweepT is the world's first commercial Telephone Scanner. Many break-ins in recent years have come not through the Internet, but through unauthorized dial-up modems. PhoneSweep lets you find these modems by repeatedly placing phone calls to every phone number that your organization controls. PhoneSweep has a built-in expert system that can recognize more than 250 different kinds of remote-access programs, including Carbon CopyT, pcANYWHERET, and Windows NT RAS. All information is stored in the SQL database. It then generates a comprehensive report detailing which services were discovered on which dial-up numbers in your organization.

1.9.6 SQL Clients/Report writers

• MySQL Editor/Utility for MS Windows Platforms.
• KDE MySQL client
• KMySQL KMySQL is a database client for KDE that primarily supports MySQL.
• Kiosk; a MySQL client for database management. Written in Perl. Will be a part of Bazaar.
• A free report writer in Java

1.9.7 Web development tools that support MySQL

• PHP: A server-side HTML-embedded scripting language
• The Midgard Application Server; a powerful Web development environment based on MySQL and PHP
• SmartWorker is a platform for web application development
• XSP: e(X)tendible (s)erver (p)ages and is a HTML embedded tag language written in Java (previously known as XTAGS)
• dbServ is an extension to a web server to integrate databases output into your HTML code. You may use any HTML function in your output. Only the client will stop you. It works as standalone server or as JAVA servlet.
• Platform independent ASP from Chili!Soft
• MySQL + PHP demos
• ForwardSQL: HTML interface to manipulate MySQL databases
• WWW-SQL: Display database information
• Minivend: A Web shopping cart
• HeiTML: A server-side extension of HTML and a 4GL language at the same time
• Metahtml: A Dynamic Programming Language for WWW Applications
• VelocityGen for Perl and TCL
• Hawkeye Internet Server Suite
• Network Database Connection For Linux
• WDBI: Web browser as a universal front end to databases which supports MySQL well.
• WebGroove Script: HTML compiler and server-side scripting language
• A server-side web site scripting language
• How to use MySQL with ColdFusion on Solaris
• Calistra's ODBC MySQL Administrator
• Webmerger This CGI tool interprets files and generates dynamic output based on a set of simple tags. Ready-to-run drivers for MySQL and PostgreSQL through ODBC.
• PHPclub. Tips and tricks for PHP
• MySQL and Perl Scripts
• The Widgetchuck; Web Site Tools and Gadgets
• AdCycle advertising management software
• pwPage provides an extremely fast and simple approach to the creation of data base forms. That is, if a data base table exists and an HTML page has been constructed using a few simple guidelines, pwPage can be immediately used for table data selections, insertions, updates, deletions and selectable table content reviewing.

1.9.8 Databse design tools with MySQL support

• "Dezign for databases" is a database development tool using an rick> entity relationship diagram (ERD).

1.9.9 Web servers with MySQL tools

• An Apache authentication module
• The Roxen Challenger Web server

1.9.10 Extensions for other programs

A Delphi interface to MySQL. With source code. By Matthias Fichtner.
• TmySQL; A library to use MySQL with Delphi
• Delphi TDataset-component
• MySQL support for BIND (The Internet Domain Name Server)
• MySQL support for Sendmail and Procmail

1.9.11 Using MySQL with other programs

• Using MySQL with Access

1.9.12 ODBC related links

• Popular iODBC Driver Manager (libiodbc) now available in Open Source format
• The FreeODBC Pages
• unixodbc The unixODBC Project goals are to develop and promote unixODBC to be the definitive standard for ODBC on the Linux platform. This is to include GUI support for KDE.

1.9.13 API related links

• www.jppp.com Partially implemented TDataset-compatible components for MySQL.
• qpopmysql A patch to allow POP3 authentication from a MySQL database. There's also a link to Paul Khavkine's patch for Procmail to allow any MTA to deliver to users in a MySQL database.
• Visual Basic class generator for Active X
• Client libraries for the Macintosh
• MySQL binding to Free Pascal
• SCMDB. SCMDB is an add-on for SCM that ports the mysql C library to scheme (SCM). With this library scheme developers can make connections to a mySQL database and use embedded SQL in their programs.

1.9.14 Other MySQL-related links

• Registry of Web providers who support MySQL Links about using MySQL in Japan/Asia
• Commercial Web defect tracking system
• PTS: Project Tracking System
• Job and software tracking system
• ExportSQL: A script to export data from Access95+
• SAL (Scientific Applications on Linux) MySQL entry
• A consulting company which mentions MySQL in the right company
• PMP Computer Solutions. Database developers using MySQL and mSQL
• Airborne Early Warning Association
• MySQL UDF Registry
• Y2K tester

1.9.15 SQL and database interfaces

• The JDBC database access API
• Patch for mSQL TCL
• EasySQL: An ODBC-like driver manager
• A REXX interface to SQL databases
• TCL interface

1.9.16 Examples of MySQL use

• Little6 Inc An online contract and job finding site that is powered by MySQL, PHP3 and Linux.
• DELECis A tool which makes it very easy to create an automatically generated table documentation. They have used MySQL as an example.
• World Records A search engine for information about music that uses MySQL and PHP.
• A Contact Database using MySQL and PHP
• Web based interface and Community Calender with PHP
• Perl package to generate html from a SQL table structure and for generating SQL statements from an html form.
• Basic telephone database using DBI/DBD.
• Installing new Perl modules that require locally installed modules
• JDBC examples by Daniel K. Schneider
• SQL BNF
• Object Oriented Concepts Inc; CORBA applications with examples in source
• DBWiz; Includes an example of how to manage own cursors in VB
• Pluribus Pluribus, is a free search engine that learns to improve the quality of its results over time. Pluribus works by recording which pages a user prefers among those returned for a query. A user votes for a page by selecting it; Pluribus then uses that knowledge to improve the quality of the results when someone else submits the same (or similar) query. Uses PHP and MySQL.
• Stopbit A technology news site using MySQL and PHP
• Example scripts at Jokes2000
• FutureForum Web Discussion Software
• http://www.linuxsupportline.com/~kalendar/ KDE based calendar manager The calendar manager has both single user (file based) and multi user (MySQL database) support.
• Example of storing/retrieving images with MySQL and CGI
• Online shopping cart system
• Old Photo Album The album is a collaborative popular history of photography project that generates all pages from data stored in a MySQL database. Pages are dynamically generated through a php3 interface to the database content. Users contribute images and descriptions. Contributed images are stored on the web server to avoid storing them in the database as BLOBs. All other information is stored in on the shared MySQL server.

1.9.17 General database links

• Database Jump Site
• Homepage of the webdb-l (Web Databases) mailing list.
• Perl DBI/DBD modules homepage
• Cygwin tools. UNIX on top of Windows
• dbasecentral.com; Development and distribution of powerful and easy-to-use database applications and systems.
• Tek-Tips Forums Tek-Tips Forums are 800+ independent peer-to-peer non-commercial support forums for Computer Professionals. Features include automatic e-mail notification of responses, a links library, and member confidentiality guaranteed.

There are also many web pages that use MySQL. See section A Some MySQL users. Send any additions to this list to MySQL logo somewhere (It is okay to have it on a ``used tools'' page or something similar) to be added.

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